Validation of Recent DSM/DEM/DBMs in Test Areas in Greece Using Spirit Leveling, GNSS, Gravity and Echo Sounding Measurements

Recent Digital Surface, Elevation, and Bathymetric Models (DSM/DEM/DBM) aim to provide high-resolution accurate height depth information needed for a variety of surveying, geodetic, geophysical, other applications. In this study, first we validate in two test areas some the most used models, i.e., ASTER GDEM; AW3D30 DSM; Copernicus DEM; EU-DEM; GEBCO 2020; NASADEM HGT; SRTM15+ SRTM Global, using GNSS; spirit leveling; gravity measurements. The validation is performed along traverses 14.5 12.0 km each Northern Central Greece, respectively. Since these models are based on geoid heights obtained from global geopotential also investigate their influence results. Next, carry out comparisons between 2020, SRTM15+, Greek Seas DTM, with depths derived situ coastal measurements six different Greece. From analysis, conclude that DEM best overall results terms mean value standard deviation while showing consistent areas. Similarly, DTM shows better consistency measured